Current Windows 8.1 And Win10 before its predecessor Win7 there are many advantages, one of them is working with hard GPT
-disks. GPT- this is a relatively new style of partitioning, the OS loads faster from such disks, they are more flexible to the data recovery procedure, and they can use the entire amount of disk space, if there is more of it 2.2 TB. Mandatory conditions for using benefits GPT
: BIOS UEFI on computer, versions only Win8.1 And Win10, and only them 64
-bit releases.
The first and last conditions are a given and cannot be circumvented. But with Windows versions it’s not so tough. On GPT -disk in principle you can install the edition x64 "Sevens", however, not without nuances. Below we will talk about these nuances, and also look at the universal installation method Win7 to disk GPT , which will be applicable in most cases, as long as computers have BIOS UEFI. Or at least a hybrid BIOS with the support EFI software regarding loading from GPT -disks.
1. Win7 on GPT disks: nuances
To Win7 successfully installed on GPT -disk, in BIOS UEFI must be disabled Secure Boot – a function that blocks the device from starting from any uncertified software. Which, in fact, is the Windows 7 distribution.
If "Seven" install on an empty, not yet partitioned and not initialized hard drive in compatibility mode BIOS UEFI c Legacy, during installation the system will automatically create MBR -disk. And it is on him that the system will be installed. However, if in BIOS set strict parameters UEFI– only this mode of operation, while booting from a flash drive UEFI, in some cases installation Win7 on an empty disk can go exactly the same way as if we were installing system versions 8.1 And 10 . During this installation, the system itself will initialize the disk as GPT and will create the necessary for EFI - systems technical sections. And later when reinstalling "Seven" will stand on without any problems GPT - a disk with an existing partition scheme. But we are talking about only a part of the cases.
The key points in all this are the correct parameters BIOS UEFI and flash drive UEFI with installation process Win7. And if in the latter case there is a universal way out of the situation in the form of recording programs UEFI -flash drive, then in the case of settings BIOS UEFI There cannot be a solution suitable for everyone a priori. Here, of course, you need to understand each PC and laptop separately. However, install "Seven" on GPT -disk can be done without interfering with the settings BIOS, if only there instead UEFI or compatibility mode is intentionally not enabled in normal mode BIOS - Legacy. This option exists in the form of an alternative Windows installation mechanism, which is offered by the program. This alternative can also be used in case of implementation on motherboards of incomplete BIOS UEFI, and hybrid firmware compatible with EFI only in terms of support for downloading from GPT -disks and installation DVD, but does not allow booting from UEFI -flash drive.
Below we consider two installation cases Win7 on GPT -disk:
First- when we are dealing with empty SSD or HDD
(or when the data stored on them is not valuable)
;
Second- when on GPT
- the disk already has markings, in particular, there are technical sections EFI
-Windows systems. This is an option without losing data stored on non-system partitions.
2. Bootable USB flash drive
To implement our plans, we will need a bootable flash drive with programs for working with disk partitioning. To do this, accordingly, it is necessary to prepare Live - a disk with all these tools on board. Perfect option - Live -disk WinPE10 TechAdmin. Its distribution in ISO The image can be downloaded for free here:
We write the downloaded image to a flash drive. To do this we use the utility Rufus. We indicate the flash drive in the first column, below we select the partition scheme - "GPT for UEFI computers". This is the mechanism for creating that same flash drive UEFI, which is fundamental for BIOS UEFI with selected mode only UEFI. If in BIOS Compatibility mode is present and active, you can select any scheme with a bootloader MBR . Then such a flash drive will become universal, and it will be possible to boot from it in Legacy on other PCs and laptops. Next we indicate the path to the image WinPE10 TechAdmin. And press "Start".
While the flash drive is being written, connect the installation ISO -image Win7 to display in Explorer.
Open the folder in the mounted drive "sources", and inside it we look for the file "install.wim"— installation WIM -image. As soon as the flash drive is written, copy it WIM -image and place it in the root of the flash drive.
This way we will have everything we need for installation on the flash drive. Win7. Indeed, in one of the methods described below, the disk on which the system will be installed will undergo repartitioning.
After placing it on a flash drive WIM - its weight will be approximately 5-6 GB. If it's a flash drive 8 GB, everything is fine. But if you only have a flash drive on 4 GB, after recording WinPE10 TechAdmin go to its root and delete the folder "AdminPE32" .
Now we look at the weight of the flash drive and figure out whether it will fit there WIM -image. If it still doesn’t fit, you can try to compress the image. Well, or download on the Internet an already compressed distribution kit with only the required edition "Sevens".
Boot from the newly created flash drive. Select download from .
3. Installing Win7 on an empty hard drive
So, the first installation method Win7 on GPT -disk is the case when we have either a clean SSD or HDD (without markings) , or when everything on them is not valuable and can be destroyed. On board WinPE10 TechAdmin launch the program.
Let's switch to the utility.
In the first tab "Physical disk" We indicate the desired disk, the one where we are going to install the OS. Next, click "Parts Management".
Then - .
In the window that appears, click the option "GUID". Next, check the options "Create ESP partition" And "Create MSR partition". Up in the block "Setting" remove values from the top three blocks. Click "OK" at the bottom. We confirm the actions.
Created a diagram of technical sections EFI -systems consisting of ESP -partition with file system FAT16 And MSR -section. Let's assign it to the first ESP - section letter, we will need this later. Press , select a letter in the new window, click "OK".
Thus, using We have created the necessary partitions for Windows, but the rest of the disk space can be distributed in a more usable way - with the help of any of those present on board WinPE10 TechAdmin disk managers.
Here's a whole section WITH can be divided into two or more sections.
After this we return to the program. In the first column of its window we indicate the path to WIM -image on a flash drive. In the second, we choose ESP -the partition to which we gave the drive letter above, in the third - the partition itself Win7, i.e. future disc WITH . Below in the column we indicate the edition of the system. And press "Installation".
Next in the column we select "UEFI" on the right, on the left we make sure that the default value is set "Use BootSect...". If desired, activate auto-reboot upon completion of work . As a result, we press "OK".
Once this is complete, the computer will restart.
Now we need to boot from the disk where we just installed the OS. Next we will see the preparatory and configuration stages of installation.
4. Installing Win7 from a GPT disk with existing partitions
Installation "Sevens" for work GPT -disk - with existing markings, with technical sections EFI -systems (if you already had Win8.1 or Win10) , with data on other sections - it will be much easier. Here we need to run the program and, as in the previous case, specify:
Way to WIM-image,
Way to EFI-section;
Path to future disk WITH;
Editorial Win7, if the distribution provides several of them.
Where to get EFI-chapter? IN previous case using a section with the label has been created ESP. But Windows 8.1 And 10 during a normal installation, technical sections are created differently. It can be a diagram with two sections − EFI And MSR. Or maybe with three - EFI , MSR And WRE. In any case, we are only interested in the section EFI what's wrong with the file system? FAT32.
This is what needs to be indicated in the second column.
Specified program We format the sections. For the first EFI -partition, this is necessary so that the bootloader does not contain entries about non-existent operating systems. Finally, click .
We set the bootloader parameters and finally start the installation.
Unified Extensible Firmware Interface or UEFI is a firmware code that acts as an intermediary between computer hardware and the operating system, which replaced the BIOS with the release of Windows 8.
UEFI, like BIOS, is responsible for setting up and initializing devices when the PC is turned on and provides them with the ability to exchange data between themselves and the system. The UEFI functionality is focused on the most modern platforms - disk drives with GPT partitioning and 64-bit versions of the OS, mainly Windows 8 and Windows 7. But adherents of alternative, 32-bit and obsolete systems (like Windows XP) also did not lose the opportunity to “use” » favorite software, except that now installing it on the machine has become a little more difficult.
One of the main differences between UEFI and BIOS is a programmable interface, that is, it is a separate, small “OS” from which you can access the Internet and perform a number of administrative tasks (computer diagnostics, hardware configuration, running programs from CDs, platform update, etc.) to a much greater extent than can be done in the BIOS. Other important innovations are the graphical shell in which the mouse works and support for national languages.
BIOS also did not cease to exist with the release of the new platform - it “moved” to UEFI and, if necessary, can be launched - for this purpose, the new platform provides a BIOS emulation mode. Emulation is used specifically to support Windows XP and 32-bit versions of other operating systems.
Loading the operating system from a flash drive or bootable DVD
Just like old versions of BIOS, new versions of UEFI BIOS differ greatly from each other in design, location of tabs, settings and set of capabilities.
We especially note that a computer with UEFI can only boot from DVDs or media formatted in FAT32.
It is important to remember this when creating installation flash drives.
1. Load the BIOS. At the beginning of the computer boot, you need to start a special button for UEFI to appear:
ASUS/F2
ACER/F2
HP/Escape or F10
SONY / Assist button
2. For a better understanding, let’s turn on the BIOS display mode in Russian.
Open the list of languages in the upper right corner by clicking on the arrow opposite English.
Main window - select Russian language
(Picture 1)
3. If you are using a UEFI compatible flash drive, skip this step. To boot from a non-UEFI compatible device, you will need to disable Secure Boot.
Secure Boot is a security option that prevents the execution of boot code that is not signed by Microsoft.
Secure Boot is only supported by bootloaders for Windows 8 and some Linux distributions.
In many UEFI configurations, you must enable BIOS mode before disabling Secure Boot. This option is located in the “Boot” or “System Configuration” tab and can be identified by the words “CSM” or “Legasy”. The full name in different editions of UEFI is written something like this: “Launch CSM”, “Legasy BIOS”, etc.
(Figure 2)
In “stripped-down” UEFI, after enabling the BIOS mode, parameters that were not even displayed “by default” become available. Among them is Secure Boot, located in the “Security” menu or submenu. To turn it off, you need to switch it to “Disabled” mode. After this, the computer will be able to boot from a drive that is not UEFI compatible. Booting from USB is usually already enabled. 
(Figure 3)
4. Select boot from flash drive or DVD.
Press the “Boot Menu” button or F8 and in the “Boot Menu” dialog box that appears, select the device from which Windows will be produced.
(Figure 4)
If you select a hard drive or DVD drive instead of a flash drive, you can reboot again, go into the BIOS and change the choice.
5. To exit UEFI and save the settings, click the “Exit - Save Changes” button or click the item of the same name in the menu. The F10 key also works in BIOS mode.
If you select a download source, the system may not offer to save changes, but will immediately begin downloading from the device.
Uefi interface: tab navigation
In graphical versions of UEFI, the main window (Figure 1) usually displays the system time, platform information, and a number of hardware monitoring readings (device voltage and temperature, fan speed). To access the main settings, you need to switch to the “Advanced Mode” (F7) by clicking the button with the same name.
In the advanced mode of full-featured UEFI configurations, as well as abbreviated ones, the following tabs are present:
(Figure 5)
Main / Basic
Advanced / Additional
Security / Security
Boot
Tools/Service
Exit
Some others, such as Ai Tweaker or Monitor, are not available everywhere - mostly only on stationary motherboards. They provide access to utilities for overclocking a PC and system monitoring. Since mobile platforms (laptops) cannot be overclocked, these functions are not available on them.
Let's look at the parameters of the main tabs
a) Main
Here, as in the BIOS, the parameters of the main PC devices are displayed - processor, memory, drives, laser drives and others, as well as the system time and date. This tab contains the language selection option.
The submenu of connected drives displays detailed information about them.
Some of the Main section parameters can be toggled and configured, but not all.
b) Advanced / Additional
This section contains advanced PC hardware settings. Listed below are which ones.
Processor(s) details:
type;
clock frequency;
number of cores;
cache;
supported technologies, etc.
Plug and Play devices, configuration of SATA, video, PCI, peripherals, USB, integrated devices on the motherboard and peripherals.
In the absence of a separate “Power” tab, power supply parameters are configured in this section; in particular, energy saving functions and the behavior of the power supply in the event of a power failure are enabled here.
In the same section there is usually an option to reset hardware configuration data.
c) Security
Here you can find the option to turn Secure Boot on and off, as well as settings for access rights, passwords, etc. In some versions of UEFI, the Security section is present as a submenu of the Main tab.
The startup section contains:
option to enable BIOS mode;
order of polling boot devices;
Full Screen Logo - option to display the PC manufacturer's logo on the screen during POST;
Numlock Status - selecting the operating mode of the NumLock key during PC boot;
Boot-time Diagnostic - monitoring boot time and optionally a number of other settings.
e) Tools / Service
This frequently present but non-persistent tab contains the PC manufacturer's proprietary hardware management utilities. Here you will usually find a UEFI update option and a mini-browser that allows you to access the Internet to the manufacturer’s website.
f) Exit / Exit
This section can be in the form of a separate tab or button at the top of the screen. It contains various options for exiting UEFI:
Exit Saving Changes (save settings and exit);
Load Setup Defaults or Load default settings (restore default settings);
Exit Discarding Changes (exit without saving settings);
Discard Changes (cancel changes without exiting);
Save Changes (save changes without exiting).
Asus Ez Mode ( turn off “Advanced” mode and return to the main window)
What to do if UEFI changes make your computer run worse
Sometimes, after reconfiguring a number of UEFI parameters, the computer starts to work slower or refuses to load the OS at all. It can be difficult to remember what and where you changed with such an abundance of various options. To return everything to its place - restore the default settings, you can use one of the methods described below.
Load UEFI, open the “Exit” menu and click on “Load Setup Defaults”.
Disconnect the PC from the power supply, remove the cover of the system unit, find the CMOS battery on the board, remove it, short-circuit the terminals of the battery socket, and then return it to its place.
Find the CLRTC jumper on the motherboard (other names are CRTC, Clear CMOS, CCMOS, etc.), designed to reset the BIOS/UEFI settings. Place it on adjacent contacts and after half a minute return it to its previous position. Some boards have a special button for the same purpose.
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More and more modern motherboards are built based on UEFI BIOS with support for the GPT partition style. The advantages of such a system seem to be obvious - faster loading, support for large storage devices, higher reliability and security. However, using a GPT disk is not suitable in every case. For example, if you need to install a 32-bit version of Windows. Also, if you are still not ready to take out a mortgage to purchase a Windows 7 license, then activating it using the usual means will be, if not impossible, then extremely difficult. Installing Windows 7 on a system with a motherboard running UEFI BIOS using the good old MBR will be discussed in this post.
The first step is to prepare an installation disk with Windows 7, or, if there is no disk drive on the computer, a bootable installation flash drive. For this I use the WinToFlash program.
The motherboard in my case was ASUS A88XM-A. Via F2 we go to the UEFI BIOS:
Switch to Advanced Mode:
And go to the tab BOOT where in the graph USB SUPPORT we exhibit FULL INITIALIZATION:
Going into it we set the following - Launch CSM - Enabled :
And in the column Boot Device Control - Legacy OpROM Only. Although, perhaps everything will work with UEFI and Legacy OpROM, I'm not sure and haven't checked.
And at the point OS TYPE choose OTHER OS:
Then we save the changes and exit the UEFI BIOS, booting from our installation media.
We go through the usual starting points of installation. If the disk was with the MBR partition style, then the installation should go without problems. If the disk has already been converted to GPT style, then it is necessary to convert it to MBR.
WARNING: During this operation, all data on all partitions of the hard drive will be destroyed!
This is done like this:
When you reach a screen that asks you to select a drive to install Windows, for example, this:
Press the key combination SHIFT-F10 to go to the command line.
1. Enter the command diskpart
2. list disk— see a list of disks available in the system
3. select disk N- where N is the number of the disk that we are going to convert.
4. clean— complete disk cleanup with partition removal.
5. convert mbr— converting the disk to MBR.
Now on the partition selection screen, click “Update” and create partitions through “Configure Disk”.
The situation is such that installing Windows, a procedure that was previously possible for experienced users, is now quite simple and understandable for ordinary computer users who are faced with this task for the first time. Moreover, completing the task becomes even easier if you have the latest and most convenient version of BIOS on your computer - UEFI.
UEFI is the latest version of BIOS, the peculiarity of which is, finally, a convenient and intuitive interface, as well as support for not only a keyboard, but also a computer mouse as a pointing device. As a rule, many new computers receive a similar BIOS version, which means that more and more users are encountering UEFI for the first time.
Previously, we have already discussed in detail on our website. Here, the entire sequence of actions is performed in exactly the same way: preparing media with the Windows distribution, entering the BIOS and installing the device as the main bootloader, and then proceeding directly to the Windows installation procedure itself.
How to install Windows using UEFI BIOS
Step One: Preparing Bootable Media
First of all, installing Windows on a computer begins with preparing bootable media. If you have a Windows disk, then immediately skip this step and move on to the next one, but if you do not have a Windows distribution yet, you will need to create a bootable USB flash drive or disk.
Previously, our website has already described in more detail how to create a bootable flash drive, so if you are interested in this issue, carefully study the article at the link below.
Stage 2: Enter the UEFI BIOS and set the main bootloader
Connect the disk or bootable USB flash drive with Windows to your computer. Your next step will be to enter the BIOS. To do this, the computer is rebooted, and then almost immediately as the computer starts to turn on, the key responsible for entering the BIOS is pressed many times in a row - as a rule, this is the F2 or Del. We have already described the possible keys in more detail on our website.
Once in the UEFI interface, in the upper area of the window, go to the tab "Boot" (Loading). The default boot devices are displayed here. Select an item "Boot Option #1" and in the miniature window that opens, select CD-ROM (if you are using a Windows distribution disk) or the name of your bootable flash drive.
Save changes by pressing F10 , and then exit the BIOS by clicking the key Esc .
Stage three: installing Windows
The computer will begin to restart, so all you have to do is wait for the Windows Installer to appear on the screen. We will not describe further actions in this article, since we have already devoted a detailed article to this issue on the website.
As you can see, the procedure for installing Windows via UEFI BIOS is extremely simple and straightforward, and therefore, by carefully following the instructions, even an inexperienced user can cope with the task.
Instead of the BIOS that is familiar to many at the moment, new motherboards for desktop computers and laptops are increasingly equipped with modern UEFI. Installing Windows 7 on such hardware is undergoing a number of changes. This factory software, unfortunately, is being implemented rather slowly and is currently not ready to replace the BIOS on the vast majority of boards, which entails a number of incompatibilities and problems with loading in the new mode. Most often, questions arise from people who want to install Windows 7 instead of the eighth version of the system that comes with the laptop they just purchased.
Is it worth switching to UEFI?
The main reason for switching from BIOS to UEFI was the lack of functionality, which is no longer enough for professional work computers that contain voluminous documents and require maximum performance of all components. It is worth noting that when loading the drive in UEFI BIOS mode, installing Windows 7 by default will not be possible on old MBR partitions. But there are two options for solving the problem.
The first is to copy all important data to an external or optional internal drive. The second is more labor-intensive and will require converting partitions using bootable flash drives or disks with utilities like Paragon, but will allow you to save all existing data, with the exception of the local disk with the system itself. In order to draw a conclusion about the advisability of installing a system under UEFI on your PC, you need to understand what advantages the new type of pre-installed software has in comparison with the previous one.
Old but effective BIOS
You can start your consideration with the Basic Input-Output System - BIOS, since this will be a logical sequence regarding the release time. The functions for which it is responsible are generally clear from the name. Basic software didn't appear overnight. As computer components developed, the BIOS itself progressed accordingly, thanks to which today people can use its wide functionality. Of course, core software alone could not meet all hardware needs. For this reason, programs and drivers were developed in parallel, configured directly in the operating system itself. However, the BIOS is responsible for such operations as initial hardware identification and determining the device from which to boot. It is very obvious that UEFI has similar functionality, installation of Windows 7 and its correct operation on which will necessarily require the options described above.
Multifunctional UEFI
What is UEFI? If we decipher the abbreviation and translate it into Russian, the innovation is called Extensible Embedded Software Interface. The development of the system was started by Intel back in 2001 and was highly specialized in server equipment. UEFI was created due to the inoperability of Itanium processors with old firmware, since the kernel of the server computer needed significantly expanded functionality. Ordinary users saw the new product only in 2006 on board computers developed by Apple. Later, the innovation began to appear in the products of other companies, as indicated by the first word Unifed in the abbreviation. Among them there is both Microsoft, with its contribution to UEFI, under which the installation of Windows 7 was optimized by the company, and other software and hardware developers.
Advantages of UEFI when installing systems from Microsoft
Thanks to the innovations, it is now possible to install Windows 7 on huge hard drives. GPT UEFI BIOS supports by default, and the system will be located under such a partition table. It is worth clarifying that the words “huge size” mean drives with a capacity of more than 2Tb. The old system only supported hard drives whose space did not exceed this mark. This is explained by the fact that the BIOS used the MBR partitioning to work with the drive, which contained the size of each record of 32 bits. From the calculations, a figure of 4 billion sectors is derived, which is exactly 2Tb. Even now, such a volume may seem excessive to some, but many 3D designers, not to mention employees using server equipment, have long needed such capacity. Thanks to UEFI BIOS, installing Windows 7, 8 and 10 can now be done on hard drives with a sky-high capacity of up to 8 billion TB.
Compatible with various equipment
Modern motherboards are equipped with software that supports both old hardware with MBR and new hardware with GPT partitioning. Now the user can choose the option that is most suitable for his computer. This was made possible thanks to UEFI dualbios support. Installation of Windows 7, 8 and 10 on such equipment will be available in two modes simultaneously, the choice of one of which is made by the user directly when booting from the drive.
Visual interface
Some developers not only introduced changes to the code, but also completely redesigned the interface, allowing for faster user interaction. Also another advantage was the ability to control UEFI elements using a computer mouse. This makes installing Windows 7 even more convenient and easier. You only need to get used to the new visual style once, and the desire to return to computers running BIOS completely disappears. Also, in the future, developers promise to create additional utilities for UEFI, even to the point that applications will be released that provide access to the Internet without Partially this task has already been completed, since the pre-installed software is updated via the network protocol.
Additional protection for Windows
Another important point is the so-called secure installation of Windows 7. GPT UEFI is a new standard that will enhance protection on the Microsoft operating system. The utility can significantly reduce the chances of information loss and leakage. This option is enabled by default in the software, but can be easily deactivated in the settings if desired by the user.
UEFI Speed and Orientation
Thanks to the redesigned basis, UEFI can significantly speed up Windows boot times. It has become much easier to navigate the new interface thanks to bright and visually understandable content. Each category has an icon similar to those found in the operating system itself. There was also a utility section that had not been used until now. There are applications that allow you to view additional properties of your computer, such as installed hardware, temperature of elements, and much more. Of course, the specific set of utilities depends on the manufacturer and type of motherboard.
Transition from MBR to GPT
When switching from a system installed under BIOS to MBR disk partitioning, you should immediately think about saving important information. If this is not required, you can proceed directly to the installation. But in the case when there is data valuable to the user on the computer, it will be necessary to archive it or repartition the disk using specialized software.
Preparing USB with Windows 7 for installation on UEFI
Having studied the basics of working with the new software and deciding whether it is advisable to work under it on the current equipment, you need to start preparing for the process. Installing Windows 7 via UEFI will require certain skills in writing the system distribution itself. Users accustomed to using flash drives will need to be equipped with the latest version of Microsoft windows and one of the programs for burning the distribution to USB. As an example, one such program called Rufus will be presented.
After downloading the latest version of the application, you will need to select a flash drive with a minimum capacity of 4Gb. You must run Rufus as an administrator with “UAC” access rights confirmation. Going to the “Device” section, you will need to click on your flash drive to subsequently write the distribution kit to it. If you want to install the system with MBR or GPT disk partitioning, you must check the appropriate box. It is recommended to leave the default file system FAT32. At the next stage, you will need to select the ISO image of the system that was previously downloaded or purchased in a boxed edition and click the “Start” button. After the process is completed, the bootable USB flash drive for UEFI will be completely ready.
Booting from a drive in UEFI mode on various hardware
Of course, first you need to boot correctly, since this is strictly required by the UEFI installation of Windows 7. Gigabyte develops motherboards with Dual UEFI BIOS. On such equipment, before starting the process, you will need to go to the settings using the F9 key and select the appropriate operating mode. Similar steps can be performed on most motherboards from other manufacturers.
Fast boot in UEFI mode is also often used. To do this, you will need to call up the boot device menu and select a flash drive with the required mode tag attached (Lagacy does not have it).
If the user does not use the new BIOS, the desktop computer has the ability to completely deactivate it. It is worth noting that Lagacy Boot cannot be disabled in the settings, even when UEFI is being produced. Acer is one of the developers who has completely removed the ability to deactivate any of the modes on their laptops, resulting in the need to use only fast boot to select.
It is very interesting that at first the new built-in security tools and partly GPT markup, when installed in the mode described above, blocked pirated cracks for the Microsoft operating system. Nevertheless, the hackers were quickly able to make corrections to their Windows 7 activator, the UEFI mode in which was already fully taken into account.
Having loaded with the method required by the user, further steps to install the system do not change.
The only thing worth noting is that when partitioning a disk, windows will now create a slightly larger number of additional partitions.
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